• Online encyclopedia of Washington State History, "Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the Northwest Coast of North America in the 1770s," Greg Lange, 2003
• Alaska History & Cultural Studies website, "Maniilaq: Preparing for Change"
• State-by-state overview of the Pandemic of 1918-19
• Emerging Infectious Diseases, October 2003, serial online
• University of Alaska Justice Center, 1994 Alaska Natives Commission report

Visit the Library for More Information:

Alaska's libraries hold audio, visual, and written material about epidemics in Alaska and particularly the 1918-19 Spanish flu pandemic. Visit your local library or go online to see what's available in holdings all over the state. Take these simple steps:

1. Access SLED (State Library Electronic Doorway) at http://sled.alaska.edu/library.html.
2. Click on the listing for ALNCat (the Alaska Library Network Catalog) to view the Basic Search window.
   Go to the Keyword field, and type in ALASKA EPIDEMIC or SPANISH FLU.

More Reading:

Alaska Natives Commission, Volume II, Report of the Health Task Force. Anchorage: Alaska Natives Commission, 1994.

Boyd, Robert. The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 1999.

Crosby, Alfred W. America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. Second edition. Cambridge, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Fortuine, Robert. Health Care and the Alaska Native: Some Historical Perspectives. Hanover, N.H.: Dartmouth College Library, 1975.

Fortuine, Robert, Chills and Fever: Health and Disease in the Early History of Alaska. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 1989.

Kolata, Bina Bari. Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus that Caused It. First edition. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999.

Porterfield, Kay Marie and Emory Dean Keoke. The Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World. Checkmark Books, 2003.

Vanstone, James W. and Joan B. Townsend. "Kijik: An Historic Tanaina Indian Settlement." Reviewed by Don E. Dumond in American Antiquity magazine, Vo. 38, No. 2 (April 1973), pp 247-248.

Archival Materials:

Papers of Robert Fortuine, 1957-1999. University of Alaska Anchorage. The collection consists of Robert Fortuine's published and unpublished writings, as well as papers relating to the International Symposium on Circumpolar Health and the American Society for Circumpolar Health, published photographs, and miscellaneous materials. The published writings are arranged chronologically, as are the manuscripts of published and unpublished writings. Bio/History: Robert Fortuine is a public health physician. He received his medical degree from McGill University in 1960 and his Masters of Public Health from Harvard University in 1968. Fortuine first came to Alaska in 1963, and has held the following positions: service unit director for the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Alaska Native Hospital in Kanakanak (1963-1964), service unit director for the USPHS Alaska Native Hospital in Bethel (1964-1967), director of the USPHS Alaska Native Medical Center in Anchorage (1971-1977), and deputy chief of family medicine (1980-1987). Dr. Fortuine has also been active in national and Alaskan medical professional associations, as well as the American Society for Circumpolar Health and the International Symposium for Circumpolar Health. He has published numerous articles on medicine and Alaskan and Native medical history, and has authored books including: The Alaska Diary of Adelbert von Chamisso: Naturalist on the Kotzebue Voyage, 1815-1918 (translator and editor, 1986), Alaska Native Medical Center: A History, 1953-1983 (1986), and Chills and Fever: Health and Disease in the Early History of Alaska (1989).